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The microbial groups include bacteria, fungi, and six specialized microbes (i.e., denitrifier, nitrifier, diazotroph, phosphorous (P) mineralizer, methanotroph, and methanogen). Here, we conducted a global synthesis of 1235 GCF experimental observations that measured microbial alpha diversity (number of species coexisting within a local site), beta diversity (the magnitude of similarity in species composition among different sites), and community structure with high-throughput sequencing techniques, and corresponding biomass and ecosystem functionalities from eight types of biomes (agriculture, tundra, temperate/boreal forest, tropical/subtropical forest, Mediterranean vegetation, grassland, desert, and wetland Supplementary References, Fig.
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It is still unclear whether the biodiversity loss of microbial communities reduces microbial functionality in the ecosystems under GCFs. However, soil microorganisms are suggested to be too diverse and abundant to assume that the biogeochemical cycling is limited by the microbial diversity 22, 23, 24.
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A common notion seems to be developed, largely inspired by the studies on aboveground communities, that microbial diversity drives microbial functionality in terrestrial ecosystems 7, 8, 20, 21. Consequently, an enormous amount of research claims that ecosystem functioning is threatened by an ongoing loss of species due to GCFs 1, 2, 3, 19. Despite recent individual experiments have examined the responses of microbial diversity to GCFs, the effect of GCFs on microbial diversity remains highly elusive and inconclusive.Ĭurrent evidence of plant community studies supports a positive but saturating relationship between plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning 17, 18, which can result from niche complementarity, positive interactions, greater use of limiting resources, decreased herbivory and pathogens, the presence of certain influential species, etc 17, 18.
ECO GLOBAL SURVIVAL ALPHA 5.6 REDDIT DRIVER
For example, a recent global meta-analysis of 325 soil communities showed that the driver of microbial diversity was often inconsistent among different studies 15. Yet, such attempts often fail for soil microorganisms 13, 14, 15. Scientists have attempted to examine whether microbial diversity displays an environmental gradient like plant diversity, and whether microbial community assembly follows the macroecological theories 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, such as the metabolic theory, the species energy theory, the stoichiometry theory, and plant–soil interaction (Supplementary Table 1). It has been estimated that 1 trillion (10 12) microbial species harbor on the Earth 10, and 1 g soil contains up to 1 billion (10 9) bacterial cells consisting of tens of thousands of taxa, which raise great challenges to investigate microbial diversity 8. Soil microbial communities are surprisingly diverse and abundant 10. These knowledge gaps swamp our predictions of GCFs impacts on microbial diversity and thus constrain the establishment of effective policies to preserve microbial diversity hotspots. However, our understanding of how GCFs affect the biodiversity and its relations to the functionality for microorganism lags substantially behind that for macroorganisms (plants and animals) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Soil microbial communities play a critical role in almost all of the biogeochemical cycling processes in terrestrial ecosystems, such as organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, plant diversity, and productivity 7, 8, 9. Enhanced atmospheric N deposition leads to changes in plant species interaction and community composition, results in soil acidification and ion toxicity, decreases the resistance of plants to pathogens and insect pests, and consequently is recognized as the third greatest driver (after LUC and climate changes) of biodiversity loss in the century 1, 6.
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Projected climate changes cause species extinction once the species falls outside its climatic niche 4 and 15–37% of species are expected to go extinct under the mid-range scenarios of temperature and CO 2 rises 5. LUC is the dominant driver of biodiversity decline in terrestrial ecosystems mainly through loss, degradation, and fragmentation of the habitats 1, 3. Human-induced global change factors (GCFs), such as climate warming (W), carbon-dioxide enrichment (eCO 2), altered precipitation, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, nutrient fertilization, land-use change (LUC), and their combinations, seriously threaten the biodiversity in our planet 1, 2.